Bus Plugs Blog – Expert Safety and Usage Information

Here’s another odd but very dangerous circumstance that MIDWEST ran into during the field data collection for an Arc Flash Hazard analysis.  The customer had an old Square D bus duct run in the oldest part of their plant. It was actually a complex made up of several buildings, the oldest being a wood structure going back seventy years.  They had mostly Square D and General Electric bus duct and bus plugs, and a small run of ITE.  The old part of the plant was used for storage.  All the manufacturing equipment had long ago been removed. There were very few Square D bus plugs still being used in the bus duct in this area. There were maybe a dozen bus plugs that were still installed but no longer in use. In most cases, the pipe and wire feeder had been removed. But we found one 100 amp bus plug, no longer used, had a conduit going into a small room full of junk. We had been told the bus plug was off and the fuses probably removed. They didn’t know where the conduit went. When we checked, and we always check, we found the bus plug closed and hot, the feeder energized. The electrician was pretty surprised. We traced the conduit to a back small storage area, dark, no lighting, where it terminated in a 6 by 6 junction box on the wall right next to the door. This circuit was “deadly hot” because the cover was missing and the conductors were sticking out of the box, wrapped with the frayed remains of old cloth type tape. This was a deadly accident just waiting to happen.  When MIDWEST recommended turning off the old bus plug; removing the fuses; and removing the conductors and conduit from the bus plug, they balked. Thought just turning it off was okay. But, since this was an abandoned circuit, not to be used again, we always recommend removing it. We consider this a safe work practice that eliminates the possibility of something “deadly hot” injuring or killing someone in the future.

MIDWEST was asked what electrical equipment was the most colorful.  Certainly a strange question, But the answer may seem even stranger.  The most colorful equipment is electrical bus duct and bus plugs. We’ve seen a thousand manufacturing plants over the years and many, especially the older ones, have painted their old electrical bus duct and bus plugs specific colors to identify the specific electrical system or the specific load being fed. Here are a few examples.  One plant painted the 480 volt bus duct and bus plugs blue and painted all their old 240 volt system orange.  It would be hard to mix these systems up. Another plant, a huge facility with over a thousand old Square D and Westinghouse bus plugs, painted everything black. It was pretty impressive, until you tried to read some of the labels on the obsolete bus plugs. Some facilities will paint a particular bus run a specific color to identify it as belonging to a specific manufacturing process. They want to separate the process load from general building load.  Blue seems to be the choice of colors for equipment feeding specific processes or manufacturing cells.  Critical processes may use red.  Some may paint their GE General Electric bus plugs one color and the Cutler Hammer or Westinghouse bus plugs a different color. And then there are those facilities that had a color code many years ago, but have added other manufacturers’ equipment since then.  And now you find different old colored bus plugs on the same bus duct with plain grey new bus plugs.  We have seen some pretty strange stuff. There are some facilities that were former manufacturing plants that had their own electrical engineering staff and maintenance electricians working all three shifts. Everything was well maintained. Things were labeled. Equipment, including old and new bus duct and bus plugs, were maintained and repaired or replaced as needed. They even had up to date electrical drawings. Those were the days.  Now some of those same facilities are multiple occupancy buildings with light assembly, storage, office space and, too frequently, abandoned space. And the colorful electrical distribution systems all seem to have become one color. We’ll call it sad grey. 

Square D Bus Plugs Cat. No. PQ4620

We ran across blogging information about safe clearances for bus plugs. There was interest in the correct code requirements for various size bus plugs, 2000 amp bus plugs to 400 amp bus plugs to 60 amp bus plugs. Sometimes code requirements are the only hammer the electrician may have to force others to be safe. We’ve dealt with used, obsolete, and new bus plugs for decades and we have one big rule for experienced electrical personal who work around this stuff for a living. “If it seems unsafe, it is unsafe.”  As far as inexperienced or non electrical folks, stay away from electrical power bus plugs. They are not your friend.

 Would it make sense to tell an experienced electrician, who feels that a 200 amp Square D bus plug is unsafe to fool with, that he actually would be safe just because it meets code. Nonsense. We would trust the extra caution of experience, over code, any day, especially when the code is defined as a minimum safety standard.  Having said this, we would also caution against listening to the type of experience that says something is safe, even though it does not meet code, just because the experienced person has done it many time before and nothing ever happed.  Experience or not, just don’t work on or around anybody’s bus plugs hot. Whether Square D, Cutler Hammer, GE General Electric, or Siemens bus plugs, do not work on bus plugs energized.

Sometimes the criticism of the location of electrical bus duct and bus plugs is heaped on the electrical contractor that installed it. Having worked in electrical contracting in a past life and worked in manufacturing plants for decades, we often find the electrical bus duct and bus plugs are ignored when other equipment is installed near them.  Space is a premium, so newly installed pipe or duct or hangers can go only a foot or two from the bus duct or plug.  And after 20 years, there isn’t enough room left for an electrician to safely work around bus duct or plugs, regardless of code or experience.  So don’t! 

MIDWEST was asked by a manufacturing plant that used Siemens bus plugs in their facility, why they had not only Siemens bus plugs, but also used ITE Siemens, Square D and Cutler Hammer bus plugs. And most of his main switchgear and circuit breakers were GE General Electric. His purchasing department wanted maintenance to pick one electrical equipment manufacturer and stick with them. Purchasing figured they could get better prices that way. 

ITE Bus Plugs Cat. No. RV424

First we explained that each type of electrical equipment they had, probably represented a time period or an expansion project. For example, that 100,000 square foot addition in 1968 may have been all Square D. The electrical contractor may have got his best pricing from Square D and therefore bought Square D bus plugs and bus duct. The contractor on a later project may have used Cutler Hammer. Later yet, Siemens. This was not unusual. Or this may have happened because of different delivery dates. Or a particular manufacturer of bus plugs may have fallen out of favor with contractors because of quality problems or high prices. 

All this could be avoided by specifying a specific manufacturer. But single sourcing one manufacturer of electrical switchgear may result in higher prices. The manufacturer would have a lock on the sales. The manufacturer’s sales rep would usually figure this out pretty quick. If you put an alternate in your specification, you basically have the same environment as open source bidding.  Sometimes a particular electrical bus duct and bus plug manufacturer has a lock on a customer’s business because of the purchasing department or maintenance department at that time. The head of maintenance for ten years just may be more familiar with or favor GE General Electric bus plugs. Or purchasing may be hooked on Eaton Cutler Hammer bus plugs. So it goes sometimes. But it can be very difficult to continually single source the electrical equipment you purchase for many years and decades. There are just too many variables and they change over time.  There is not a problem having equipment from different electrical equipment manufacturers, as long as replacement bus plugs or other equipment and parts are readily available. Delivery is sometimes a problem in today’s ‘just in time’ world. MIDWEST’s reconditioned electrical switchgear, including bus plugs, is one solution to the availability problem. 

There are situations where using only one manufacturer of electrical switchgear may be important and required. For example, Mission Critical facilities, remote access facilities that require many spare components, continuous process facilities, and, of course, facilities that are actually subsidiaries or are owned by a specific electrical equipment manufacturer.

MIDWEST had an emergency call from a manufacture because they blew up a large 800 amp bus plug and their production was down. They were the primary ‘just in time’ supplier of some parts to a larger manufacturer. They couldn’t afford a major loss of production because they would then become the secondary supplier or even worse.  We had a replacement reconditioned bus plug but they wanted someone to look at their bus duct system and the other old bus plugs because something just didn’t seem right when the 800 amp bus plug failed. 

When we inspected the bus duct, we had to do a double take on what we saw. The brackets supporting the splice connection at the ends of each section of bus duct were melted away in some areas. And some of the hangers and supports also had damage. It was as if someone had taken a welder or cutting torch and melted away parts of the bus duct support brackets and other supports and bolts along the length of the bus duct. This was a four wire system.  But you might think of it as a five wire.  A, B, and C phase, plus neutral, and ground.  It was apparent they had an unprotected fault from phase to ground, a ground fault. The ground, in this case, was the metal enclosure and supports for the bus duct. The bus duct was protected by an old 2000 amp fused bolted pressure switch. There was no ground fault protection on the old system. Before the 2000 amp fuse blew, a lot of welding and melting took place.  Fortunately only one replacement bus plug was needed and one section of bus duct had to be replaced. The arcing and melting damage to steel brackets and supports, although visually dramatic, was not enough to prevent them from getting back on as soon as the damaged section of bus duct and damaged bus plug were replaced. They intended to complete other structural repairs later, maybe. At the time, their only concern was to get production back up as soon as possible, even if it was only temporarily. We all know how stressful production schedules can be. The cause of the problem was failed supports on their old obsolete bus plug. It lasted a long time, but eventually it sagged enough for one phase to go to ground, the metal enclosure.  And after a few moments of 277 volt arc welding, they had a mess. 

XLVB321 ITE Bus Plug

Having spent forty years of an Electrical Engineering career in Industrial Research and Development, I feel extremely comfortable in an Electrical Engineering Power Laboratory.  There were few pieces of electrical test equipment that I did not know intimately and use on a regular basis.  Working with 240 and 480 Volt, three phase equipment was quite normal.  And in a Research and Development laboratory, the power wiring was always in a state of flux.  Wiring could be changed minute to minute, hour to hour.  Virtually all power connections were considered transient. 

 So, it came as a surprise when someone used the term “bus plug” to me.  At first, it sounded like somebody from the transit company had an all electric powered school bus, and they had to find a suitable wall outlet to plug into.  Close, but no cigar?   Actually, this wasn’t even close.

Embarrassingly, I had to ask what a bus plug was.   Well, the guru from MIDWEST asked me where did I get my power?  Well, I said, there usually was a distribution network of rectangular gray metal conduits that contained the three phase power busbars that spidered to every lab bench.  I knew these were called bus ducts.  Then the guru asked how did I connect to it?  Well, I said, there are these boxes that attach to the bus ducts.  Each bench’s power comes from these boxes.  Inside, there are usually fuses, and a switch.  The switch usually was just a metal arm with a hole in it that came out of the box.  To turn them on and off, we had long poles with a hook on the end that captured the hole in the arm.  I used these all the time.  Most of the lab benches had these long poles right next to them.  But, the only time I ever saw the interior was when a fuse had been blown inside the box; even then, it was usually a technician’s job to climb up a twelve foot ladder and replace the fuse.  But, a few times, usually at 3 am, I was the one that climbed the ladder.

And the MIDWEST guru said, those boxes are called bus plugs.  Eureka!!!  I’d been using them forever, and just didn’t know what they are named.  It was explained that in order to tap the power from the bus duct conductors, spring loaded fingers touch the internal conductors.  It was also explained that these bus plugs could more or less be snapped onto the bus ducts most anywhere.  

And I said, “Well, now I know exactly what a bus plug is.“   

MIDWEST was asked why the total capacity of all the bus plugs connected to a 1600 amp bus duct was over 2500 amps. The particular facility had one 400 amp bus plug, four 200 amp, eight 100 amp, and twelve 30 to 60 amp bus plugs on the old bus duct.  These were mostly very old bus plugs and a few reconditioned or new bus plugs. Purchasing wanted to order two new 60 amp bus plugs but didn’t know how it was possible to have over 2500 amps connected to only a 1600 amp bus duct and then add more. Actually the equipment he wanted was no longer manufactured, so he would have to use old reconditioned or refurbished bus plugs. It was a maintenance man asking purchasing the question.  This was a case were the maintenance man was doing production equipment repair one day and electrical maintenance the next. But he was not an electrician by trade.  MIDWEST explained.  The size of the bus plugs is nominal. The actual fuse or breaker in the bus plug may have a lower rating. For example, a 100 amp bus plug may have a 60 amp fuse. Or 250 amp fuses in a 400 amp bus plug.  In addition, all connected load is not on all at the same time. There is a diversity factor. The diversity of an old or new bus duct system might result in only 50% loading. It would not be unusual for a 2000 amp bus duct to have less than 1200 amps on it. We get extremely nervous if the load approaches 80%. We see a huge increase in problems when this equipment is operating anywhere near full rating.  When we infrared scan a bus duct that is heavily loaded, the whole bus duct and many of the bus plugs just seem to light up under infrared. So usually old and new bus plugs and bus ducts are not loaded to full rating, but when they are, bad things start to happen. If the load is not known, it may be easy to spot measure the load on the bus plug feeders. Do this safely at the load. Do not measure load at the bus plugs. That would be extremely dangerous.  Always, safety first.

Buy FVK363R General Electric Bus Plugs

MIDWEST receives many requests from folks that want to sell us their used bus plugs. These requests come from all over the country.  Usually we ask for a little biography on their old bus plugs.  If we are interested, we may ask them to send us some digital pictures of what they have.  To recondition bus plugs, there is a huge difference in the cost between bus plugs that look like new bus plugs and those that have been painted several times and are damaged. Refurbishing damaged bus plugs is a waste of time.  Along with all this, there is a need to have a sense of humor. Just about all the folks that call MIDWEST are great people, but they sure don’t know our business.  Here is a recent quick example.  We received a call from someone wanting to sell us several pallets of like new bus plugs. They described them; Gave us some catalog numbers; And said they just want to get rid of them. We asked for some digital pictures and they were happy to accommodate.  When we reviewed the pictures, all their used bus plugs looked just great.  Perfect candidates for refurbished bus plugs. But the pallets were outside on a nice sunshiny day. Good light for great pictures. But it rains outside and bus plugs do not like rain.  We called the owners and they said their like new bus plugs were located in an area that was always warm and seldom rained. Seldom doesn’t mean never.  It means occasionally does. Occasionally means at least once and at least once means rust. And rust means disaster for bus plugs.  MIDWEST is not interested in rusty old bus plugs, even if they look like new bus plugs.

Previously MIDWEST discussed the problem of making certain the disconnect fingers lineup properly when you replace a bus plug.  We really didn’t answer the question of how to make sure replacement bus plugs are connected properly.  Here are a couple suggestions. Put a very thin film of proper contact lubricant on the contact surface of the old bus plug disconnect fingers.  Install the bus plug on to the bus duct. Note the position of the replaced bus plug and how it went into place. Then remove the bus plug and closely inspect the contact surface of the disconnect fingers.  The film of contact lubricant should reveal that the disconnect fingers properly slid, ie wiped, on to the bus bar in the bus duct. Remove any excess lubricant. In addition, one can inspect the bus bars of the bus duct and see visible evidence that the disconnect fingers of the replacement bus plug actually wiped the surfaces of the bus bars correctly.  After having verified the bus plug had been properly installed, install it again in the same manner as the first time.  All this should not be necessary, but sometimes old or obsolete bus plugs are difficult to tell if they connected properly. It can be especially difficult when installing some large bus plugs.  The physical effort to get them in place impedes the ability to sense if they went into place properly. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions on the possible use of contact lubricant. Regardless, too much lubricant is a mistake because it collects dust.  Also, if new, reconditioned or repaired bus plugs are installed in a previously empty space on the bus duct, you should be able to see the contact wipe marks on the bus bar the first time the bus plug is installed or see new wipe marks on the disconnect fingers of the bus plug itself.  All this is a simple way to give greater confidence the bus plug is installed properly.  For safety reasons, MIDWEST strongly recommends this only be done on de-energized bus duct.

Buy Square D Bus Plug

Maintenance mechanics and maintenance electricians are very self reliant people.  They have the ability to get things done, often with limited resources, and they have a lot of common sense in the maintenance world, the real world. When it comes to installing replacement electrical bus plugs, their common sense may tell them, if it fits, it’s connected right.  This is not always true.  The problem, when installing replacement or new bus plugs is that it is very hard to see the actual disconnect finger connections when sliding the bus plug into place on the bus duct.  Installing an old bus plug from a platform lift, much less from ladders, can be a real challenge.  One can’t always get the lift right under the bus duct.  It’s hard and sometimes impossible to see well enough to make sure the replacement bus plug disconnect fingers line up properly with the bus duct bus bar.  And some bus plugs are very heavy.  They may take two people to install.  It can be a challenge. Using Thermographic Scanning, Infrared Scanning, MIDWEST sometimes finds overheating at the disconnect fingers that connect the bus plug to the bus duct.  When we check it out, we find that one or more of the fingers has slid under the bus bar inside the bus duct.  The actual contact surface may be only 25% of what it should be and the contact pressure may be very little if the disconnect finger assembly breaks and the only real connection occurs because it is jammed between the bus bar and the bus plug phase assembly.  The big worry is for a short circuit between the bus bar of the bus duct. So, for old or new replacement bus plugs, just because the bus plug enclosure fits on to the bus duct, does not mean the bus plug is properly connected to the bus duct.  It can be a challenge, but care must be taken when installing bus plugs.  One can not rely on alignment alone to assure the proper connection is made.

For arc flash safety reasons, MIDWEST recommends turning off the bus duct before replacing a bus plug or installing a new bus plug.